Chargebacks Fee

Stage	Cost per Stage	Who Bears the Cost
Initiation	No direct fee at this point	No cost yet; the process is initiated by the cardholder
Chargeback	Funds are reversed from the Merchant to the Issuer	Merchant
Representment	No fixed external fee in many cases, but can involve internal costs (time, staff)	Merchant
Pre-arbitration (*optional)	No fee yet, but effort/costs increase	Merchant & Issuer
Arbitration	Card network arbitration fee: typically USD 500 or more, depending on card scheme (Visa, Mastercard, etc.)	The losing party pays the arbitration fee (usually the Merchant if they lose)